The True Age of the Sphinx essays

The True Age of the Sphinx articles The Sphinx is 250 long and 60 ft high. Egyptologist's accepted that the Sphinx was manufactured in 2500 BC in the hour of the pharaoh Chephren, yet late discoveries by John Anthony West recommend that there are water disintegrations not at all like some other imprints found on other Giza landmarks. Not at all like sand and wind disintegrations, which produce level imprints, West discovered that the disintegration stamps on the Sphinx were vertical...like those related by water, in any case, not at all like the sand and wind marks which can be disclosed gratitude to the ruinous powers of the Sahara, where did the watermarks begin? The researcher had a few banters over the genuine age of the Sphinx. They speculated that the sphinx must be a lot more seasoned than 9000 years. As there were a great deal of downpour tempests and lakes in Africa 10.000 years back, the Sphinx could be worked in these years. Another point is that the Sphinx isn't a landmark of the antiquated Pharao Chefren. That is the thing that a cop demonstrated after a few explores. At any rate they are almost certain how the Sphinx was constructed: From the outset they assembled the head. At that point they manufactured the body. To construct the body they moved gigantic Squares. That is stunning that they could move squares this way and that they could assemble landmarks like the Sphinx and the pyramids. As time passed by the body of the sphinx downpour dissolved the body of the Sphinx. Later wind disintegrated the Sphinx. They remodeled the ... <!

Government in a Marine essays

Government in a Marine papers A marine came into our group on Thursday to address us about his encounters on war and his assessments of war. The marine was a selection representative for the marine center and he had parcels to state about joining the center and what the necessities are. He had been in the center for around 10 years so he had parts to share. I thought his introduction was exceptionally instructive and I was attentive all through his discourse. In this paper, I will respond his introduction with remarks about the marine center, the encounters the marine had, and reality with regards to war behind the mass of the media. The marine center is one of the most elevated qualified aggressor bunches in the United States. The marines are required to do obligations from securing the president to racing into a nation or city and bombarding it to pieces. They are the most exceptional activist gathering on the planet with the most elevated accessible innovation to take care of business. On the off chance that you are sufficiently favored to turn into a marine, you could be one of the 100,000 United States residents who are sufficiently blessed to join the marines. In contrast to the military, naval force and aviation based armed forces, the marines do everything. Everything from catching war lawbreakers to killing pioneers and shelling nations. There isn't a vocation that is to enormous for the marines. They are prepared to become murdering machines and they don't endure individuals who hold them up. With the United States being a super force, and the marine center being the best in the U.S., in the midst of em ergency, the entire world relies upon the marines to carry out their responsibility and to settle on the correct choices at the correct occasions. The marine said that they don't possess energy for bigotry and disdain towards one another on the grounds that when they are on the combat zone, everybody is a sibling and everybody needs to keep an eye out for one another. As a marine, you are vowed to keep your missions classified, and you are not permitted to talk about your missions among your family nor companions. The marine imparted his emotions to us ... <!

Holiday Gifts, MIT Style

Holiday Gifts, MIT Style For many, holiday time is the season of giving. While on this blog I more often talk about aspects of MIT that are freely offered to the world, I figured the holiday season would be as good a time as any to showcase some MIT-related products that are for sale. All of these are real products and can be ordered! Clocky, the alarm clock that runs away Invented by Media Lab student Gauri Nanda, Clocky received worldwide attention when it was introduced in 2005. It was featured on Good Morning America, the Today Show, Jay Leno, and even on Jeopardy. What is Clocky? Nanda told the Boston Globe: I like my sleep, said Nanda, a research associate at the MIT Media Laboratory in Cambridge. Ive been known to hit the snooze button for two hours, or even accidentally turn off the alarm. So when she was asked to create a useful product for an industrial design course last fall, Nanda came up with Clocky, a runaway alarm clock that goads its bleary-eyed owners into leaving their beds. To turn Clocky off, you have to find it. When the snooze alarm is pushed, Clocky rolls off the bedside table, tumbles to the floor and, thanks to shock-absorbing materials and rubber wheels, races away from the bed. It bumps into objects, repositions itself, and eventually comes to rest in a place far enough away from the bed that its owner will be forced to get up to find it when the alarm sounds a second time. A built-in microprocessor randomly programs the clocks speed, distance, and routes, so that it wont land in the same spot twice. I know that I could use a Clocky many mornings =) Transition, the flying car The MIT Aero/Astro alumni-founded company Terrafugia, led by Carl Dietrich 99, is building a flying car (or, more accurately, a roadable aircraft). And theyre taking orders for it now. Dietrich told the Lemelson-MIT Program: If you were taking a trip between 100 and 500 miles right now, chances are you’d probably drive unless you were going between two airport hubs, Dietrich said. Driving is fine, but it can take you half a day to reach your destination, and you are subject to unpredictable traffic. Commercial airlines are effective for trips over 500 miles, but they don’t really attack the short-hop market very well. Personal Air Vehicles open up a lot of possibilities in freedom to get around. They offer convenience and flexibility to fit the traveler’s schedule. Dietrich’s Transition can be driven on any surface road and requires only a sport pilot’s license to fly. The SUV-sized vehicle can be stored in most home garages and has folding wings that enable it to operate both on the ground and in the air. It can carry two people with their bags up to 500 miles on a single tank of premium unleaded gasoline. The Transition also offers modern safety features including an electronic center of gravity calculator (important for weight distribution in flying mode), GPS navigation unit, front and rear crumple zones, airbags, and patent-pending deformable aerodynamic bumpers. Since the driver’s visibility is impaired when the wings are folded up, a tiny camera system embedded in the vertical tails provides direct views of blind spots. Check out this awesome animation of the Transition landing. Bhutan: the worlds largest book Michael Hawley of the Media Lab led a group of people from MIT and Friendly Planet on four expeditions to Bhutan, a small nation nestled between India and China in the Himalayas. After taking tens of thousands of photographs, their work was turned into the largest book ever published. It weighs in at a hefty 130 pounds and sizes up at 5 feet by 7 feet. You can even buy the book at Amazon.com! (For those not up for the big size, now theres a little big book weighing in at just 5 pounds) On the day of the books release, Hawley talked with the New York Times: Beyond technology and philanthropy, the book project represents an expeditionary approach to education that Mr. Hawley says he wants to expand at M.I.T. The idea, he explains, is to take students to see new places, meet people from other cultures and use technology in the field. The Bhutan book is a byproduct of four such trips from 1988 to 2002, each involving a few M.I.T. students. What Im pushing at M.I.T. is that the world is our lab, not just the campus, Mr. Hawley said. These kinds of trips can be life-altering for the people who take them. We learn from differences. Charles Darwin is Mr. Hawleys favorite proof of the value of educational expeditions. At 22, Darwin seemed headed for the clergy after graduating from Cambridge University. But he balked, took a round-the-world voyage, and came back to present his theory of evolution in, The Origin of Species. Without the expeditionary adventure, Mr. Hawley said, He would have ended up Pastor Charles Darwin, creationist. At the time of the publication of Bhutan, Hawley said the biggest book in the Library of Congress was Birds of America by John J. Audubon, coming in at a mere 2.5 feet by 3.5 feet. Guitar Hero and Karaoke Revolution: Rock out with video games Harmonix is a video game company started by MIT alumni, including CEO Alex Rigopulos 92 (S.B. Music) and Eran Egozy 95 (S.B. Electrical Engineering). Harmonix fuses music and engineering to make awesome music-based video games. Harmonixs first big hit was Karaoke Revolution, where the player sings karaoke with a special microphone. Its a great party game. Harmonix has now developed five Karaoke Revolution games, including Karaoke Revolution Party and Karaoke Revolution Country. And then came Guitar Hero, a tremendously popular game where players, using a specially designed guitar, play lead guitar on some rocking songs. Its been popular with many real musicians as well as professional athletes, such as Detroit Tigers relief pitcher Joel Zumaya, who sustained a Guitar Hero shoulder injury this season and missed three games in the American League Championship Series because of it. Here are some Guitar Hero statistics from the project team: Project size: 303,000 lines of code, 32,100 lines of script Guitars broken during development: 97 Guitars set on fire during development: 1 A few months ago, MTV acquired Harmonix. Ill be interested to see what their collaboration brings. Those are just a few interesting products from MIT people

Abortion and Reproductive Choice

Standards For Power Electronics ( Ansi ) - 2392 Words

Standards for Power Electronics Gration D’silva Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA Telephone: (806) 773-4727; E-mail: gration.dsilva@ttu.edu Abstract— this paper presents a brief overview of standards for power electronics. All the standards presented in this paper are currently active and are approved by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer Standards Association (IEEE-SA) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Keywords—IEEE Standards, ANSI, Power Electronics I. INTRODUCTION The tremendous advancements in modern technology have necessitated the regulation of these technologies so that they meet the required threshold as set by the standardization bodies like the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer Standards Association (IEEE-SA), American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Whenever a new product is launched it has to meet the standards so that they perform as intended. This is very important for the safety of the users and their environment, facilitate interoperability, uniformity in design, testing methods, installation and help make our lives easier. The purpose of standards is to establish certain quality to meet technical, safety, societal, regulatory and market needs. Also standards are the catalysts for technological innovation which are developed based on guiding principles of consensus, due process and within the ethical limits [1]. Standards help making our livesShow MoreRelatedEssay on Cis 5051642 Words   |  7 PagesSelect one (1) of the working groups in the IETF or IEEE and briefly summarize what this group is working on. â€Å"Working groups chartered by the IETF carry out the actual development of new standards and protocols for the Internet. Membership in a working group is voluntary; any interested party may participate. 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Journal assignment mechanistic Free Essays

These systems and their parts do not have purposes of their own. They have essential parts that make the whole to function for example, a clock that operates by being dictated by its internal structure and automobile which serves its purpose of driver and passenger and it can not move by its own without the driver. Mechanistic can be open if it is affected by external events or closed if unaffected by external conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Journal assignment mechanistic or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, earth is an open system because its movement is influenced by other bodies in the solar system. ORGANIC SYSTEM These are purposeful systems whose parts cannot function on their own. The purpose for the system is survival. For example, lungs cannot survive on themselves but they extract oxygen from the environment for the person to survive. In order for organic system to survive they must interact with the environment and understand the properties and behavior (Morgan, 1996) Organizations or groups which we belong to are mechanistic This is because there is distribution of tasks and duties are shared among members of the group. People specialize in what they can perform best and in areas where they can be most productive for the benefit of the whole group or organization. Every individual aims at improving the assigned job rather than accomplishing it. Rights and regulations are well defined in order to make sure that each members demand is taken care of. There are technical methods of productions which includes the use of modern technology in production to offer quality goods and services. The structure of control is hierchial based on knowledge where the managers are the most experienced people and other follow. At the top we have reconciliation and assessments of tasks that are perform to ensure they are done to the desired standards. The communication is vertical, which is between superior and subodinates and instructions are issued by superiors who also make decisions. One condition of group membership is being loyal and obedience to the superiors. Examples are: cyber cafà © that offer computer based services like internet, typing and printing. There are Automobile factories that buy and sell vehicles and a club store. HOW RAPID CHANGE AFFECT VARIOUS TYPES OF ORGANIZATION There will be insecurity and fear of the unknown because, the organization does not known what will follow after the rapid change and is not certain of its existence in future. If rapid change occurs in an informal group, it can cause the individual group to be transferred. There will be economic loss due to lay off of staff due to change in automation or computerization. Inconveniencies will arise if the new techniques have to be learned because it will require money and time in order to learn them. The employees will feel that they have no control over their destiny and are not certain of their tomorrow whether they will still be working. This will make them loose morale in their work because they are not motivated. HOW RAPID ECHNOLOGICAL/TELECOMMUNICATION/ECONOMIC CHANGE AFFECT THE FOLLOWING FIRMS Auto manufacturer Change will transform processes through which inputs which include labor and raw materials are converted into finished goods and services. This will result to new goods being produced by use of significant innovation process that required a lot of money to implement it. Consumers will need to be contacted through sales promotion which can be done by use of television in order to create awareness about the new improved product that serve the taste and preference of consumers.(Schein,1992) Television firms If the economy goes up, the firm will charge large amount of money for advertisement and because people prefer low price, the number of customer who will use the service will be few making the firm to have reduced revenue from its services. People will prefer to use modern television technology therefore the firm will have to install it which can be costly and may not have been budgeted from the beginning. The purchase price of modern technology of television is expensive and requires ample time to buy it. A university This will result to change in everything including the organization structure. New departments will come up and new faculties. New lecturers will be required or training for the already existing ones. Payment of employees will go up and this will also result to rise in fees to be paid by all the students. The subject combination of all the students will have to change and some will feel that they will have to transfer to other universities that offer the subjects of their choice. There will be numerous challenges due to need for more opportunities to do research to be in line with the change. Due to change, new managers will need to be employed and this will require additional finance. The things that will have been preserved so that they can be used in future will have to be changed and this is total loss because they are durable and will not be of any more use. State employment and job training corps State funds will be used to implement change because there will be need for skill upgrading of employees in the state. The state initiatives will have to avail retraining programs in the use of the new technology. These changes will lead to job displacement and job changes because some positions will be of no more use and will need to be replaced. (Schein) There will be job training committee that will be selected and training corps who will provide special programs on technological change to let the union officials respond to change effectively. This training will be made more accessible, convenient and cheap. A small rural Baptist church Rapid technological change will affect mission work because the machines used to amplify sound will need to be changed and use more improved ones which may be expensive to buy. The language used in churches will need to be improved from vernacular to national and international language in order to avoid racial discrimination and reach the gospel everywhere. Media will need to be used to preach the gospel and this will require money to pay for TV programs. PTA for elementary school in a neighborhood where most parents work in the tourism and travel industry The school will have to install the new technology which will require a lot of money. Failure to this, most parents will transfer their children to school where there is new technology. This change in technology will affect parent who are not able economically to pay for the new technology. The school will need to employ new teachers who have experience in the new technology. The students will need to change some subjects and learn new ones which require extra effort and more time. ADVANTAGES OF TOP-DOWN ORGANIZATIONS The organization focuses on utilization of resources which is from individual managed application. The available resources are put into profitable use and none of them is wasted. This leads to high quality output produced at reduced cost. The management looks for solution of all the processes to be carried out to make sure that the mission and vision of the organization is achieved through proper planning of all the activities to be carried out. When phases for management application are completed, a deeper and more mature implementation will be established for identity in management solution. The maintenance and operation resources in top-down organizations are not impacted severely in the beginning. Their visibility is high because everybody is able to observe changes as they happen in their place of work and also observe the shared values in the organization.(Morgan) There is confidence because, team get the opportunity to experiment new practices due to the backing of sponsors. Transparency is observed and mistakes are collected at initial stages and practices are consistent with the vision of the company. ADVANTAGES OF MORE ORGANIC ORGANIZATIONS Collective marketing enable farmers enjoy benefits of economies of scale because buyers want to deal with organizations rather than individual farmers. Training is provided on organic production to ensure that products are of high quality and meet the desired standards in order to generate more revenue. The organization is able to comply with international standards required to be met   for the product to be consumed. Sample inspection is done on few farmers and this helps to reduce the cost of certification that could have been done on individual farmers. Consumers are willing to pay more for organically produced goods and services because they belief they are the best and they enjoy competitive advantage in marketing because their products are well known to customers. WHICH OFFER THE MOST UPWARD MOBILITY FOR EMPLOYEES Top-down organization offers upward mobility of employees because the encourage employees to work hard and give rewards to employees based on performance. The management is also accountable for staffing and experienced staffs are recruited to do the job. The employees turn over is low because of various promotions given to employees once they stay for sometime in the organization. There is no discrimination and all employees are treated equally with no favors. REFERENCES Gareth Morgan; Images of Organizations; Sage publications; 1996 Edger Schein; Organizational Culture and Leadership; Jossey-Bass; l992                         How to cite Journal assignment mechanistic, Essay examples

Journal assignment mechanistic Free Essays

These systems and their parts do not have purposes of their own. They have essential parts that make the whole to function for example, a clock that operates by being dictated by its internal structure and automobile which serves its purpose of driver and passenger and it can not move by its own without the driver. Mechanistic can be open if it is affected by external events or closed if unaffected by external conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Journal assignment mechanistic or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, earth is an open system because its movement is influenced by other bodies in the solar system. ORGANIC SYSTEM These are purposeful systems whose parts cannot function on their own. The purpose for the system is survival. For example, lungs cannot survive on themselves but they extract oxygen from the environment for the person to survive. In order for organic system to survive they must interact with the environment and understand the properties and behavior (Morgan, 1996) Organizations or groups which we belong to are mechanistic This is because there is distribution of tasks and duties are shared among members of the group. People specialize in what they can perform best and in areas where they can be most productive for the benefit of the whole group or organization. Every individual aims at improving the assigned job rather than accomplishing it. Rights and regulations are well defined in order to make sure that each members demand is taken care of. There are technical methods of productions which includes the use of modern technology in production to offer quality goods and services. The structure of control is hierchial based on knowledge where the managers are the most experienced people and other follow. At the top we have reconciliation and assessments of tasks that are perform to ensure they are done to the desired standards. The communication is vertical, which is between superior and subodinates and instructions are issued by superiors who also make decisions. One condition of group membership is being loyal and obedience to the superiors. Examples are: cyber cafà © that offer computer based services like internet, typing and printing. There are Automobile factories that buy and sell vehicles and a club store. HOW RAPID CHANGE AFFECT VARIOUS TYPES OF ORGANIZATION There will be insecurity and fear of the unknown because, the organization does not known what will follow after the rapid change and is not certain of its existence in future. If rapid change occurs in an informal group, it can cause the individual group to be transferred. There will be economic loss due to lay off of staff due to change in automation or computerization. Inconveniencies will arise if the new techniques have to be learned because it will require money and time in order to learn them. The employees will feel that they have no control over their destiny and are not certain of their tomorrow whether they will still be working. This will make them loose morale in their work because they are not motivated. HOW RAPID ECHNOLOGICAL/TELECOMMUNICATION/ECONOMIC CHANGE AFFECT THE FOLLOWING FIRMS Auto manufacturer Change will transform processes through which inputs which include labor and raw materials are converted into finished goods and services. This will result to new goods being produced by use of significant innovation process that required a lot of money to implement it. Consumers will need to be contacted through sales promotion which can be done by use of television in order to create awareness about the new improved product that serve the taste and preference of consumers.(Schein,1992) Television firms If the economy goes up, the firm will charge large amount of money for advertisement and because people prefer low price, the number of customer who will use the service will be few making the firm to have reduced revenue from its services. People will prefer to use modern television technology therefore the firm will have to install it which can be costly and may not have been budgeted from the beginning. The purchase price of modern technology of television is expensive and requires ample time to buy it. A university This will result to change in everything including the organization structure. New departments will come up and new faculties. New lecturers will be required or training for the already existing ones. Payment of employees will go up and this will also result to rise in fees to be paid by all the students. The subject combination of all the students will have to change and some will feel that they will have to transfer to other universities that offer the subjects of their choice. There will be numerous challenges due to need for more opportunities to do research to be in line with the change. Due to change, new managers will need to be employed and this will require additional finance. The things that will have been preserved so that they can be used in future will have to be changed and this is total loss because they are durable and will not be of any more use. State employment and job training corps State funds will be used to implement change because there will be need for skill upgrading of employees in the state. The state initiatives will have to avail retraining programs in the use of the new technology. These changes will lead to job displacement and job changes because some positions will be of no more use and will need to be replaced. (Schein) There will be job training committee that will be selected and training corps who will provide special programs on technological change to let the union officials respond to change effectively. This training will be made more accessible, convenient and cheap. A small rural Baptist church Rapid technological change will affect mission work because the machines used to amplify sound will need to be changed and use more improved ones which may be expensive to buy. The language used in churches will need to be improved from vernacular to national and international language in order to avoid racial discrimination and reach the gospel everywhere. Media will need to be used to preach the gospel and this will require money to pay for TV programs. PTA for elementary school in a neighborhood where most parents work in the tourism and travel industry The school will have to install the new technology which will require a lot of money. Failure to this, most parents will transfer their children to school where there is new technology. This change in technology will affect parent who are not able economically to pay for the new technology. The school will need to employ new teachers who have experience in the new technology. The students will need to change some subjects and learn new ones which require extra effort and more time. ADVANTAGES OF TOP-DOWN ORGANIZATIONS The organization focuses on utilization of resources which is from individual managed application. The available resources are put into profitable use and none of them is wasted. This leads to high quality output produced at reduced cost. The management looks for solution of all the processes to be carried out to make sure that the mission and vision of the organization is achieved through proper planning of all the activities to be carried out. When phases for management application are completed, a deeper and more mature implementation will be established for identity in management solution. The maintenance and operation resources in top-down organizations are not impacted severely in the beginning. Their visibility is high because everybody is able to observe changes as they happen in their place of work and also observe the shared values in the organization.(Morgan) There is confidence because, team get the opportunity to experiment new practices due to the backing of sponsors. Transparency is observed and mistakes are collected at initial stages and practices are consistent with the vision of the company. ADVANTAGES OF MORE ORGANIC ORGANIZATIONS Collective marketing enable farmers enjoy benefits of economies of scale because buyers want to deal with organizations rather than individual farmers. Training is provided on organic production to ensure that products are of high quality and meet the desired standards in order to generate more revenue. The organization is able to comply with international standards required to be met   for the product to be consumed. Sample inspection is done on few farmers and this helps to reduce the cost of certification that could have been done on individual farmers. Consumers are willing to pay more for organically produced goods and services because they belief they are the best and they enjoy competitive advantage in marketing because their products are well known to customers. WHICH OFFER THE MOST UPWARD MOBILITY FOR EMPLOYEES Top-down organization offers upward mobility of employees because the encourage employees to work hard and give rewards to employees based on performance. The management is also accountable for staffing and experienced staffs are recruited to do the job. The employees turn over is low because of various promotions given to employees once they stay for sometime in the organization. There is no discrimination and all employees are treated equally with no favors. REFERENCES Gareth Morgan; Images of Organizations; Sage publications; 1996 Edger Schein; Organizational Culture and Leadership; Jossey-Bass; l992                         How to cite Journal assignment mechanistic, Essay examples

Top Down Analysis And Bottom Up Analysis Of Rio Tinto and BHP

Question: Discuss about the Top Down Analysis And Bottom Up Analysis. Answer: Introduction The top down analysis and bottom up analysis is carried out for two companies operating in mining industry of Australia namely Rio-Tinto and BHP Billiton. The top down analysis helps in understanding the impact of changes in the economic factors on the current economic growth of Australia that also affects the industry performance. Besides this, the bottom up analysis helps in understanding the financial situation of the companies selected for the analysis (Robinson, et al., 2015). Mining industry is considered as the primary industry which contributes significantly towards the economy of Australia. The mining industry deals in the exploration, processing and extraction of the resources such as gold, lead, iron ore, bauxite, copper and zinc. Rio Tinto is a company that deals in mining and metals and was established in the year 1962 (Rio Tinto, 2016). It mainly deals in mining, exploration and processing of mineral resources such as aluminum, iron ore, energy and minerals and copper and diamonds. The different segments of the company are located in 10 countries including Australia. The main aim of the business is to deliver superior value to its shareholders. The company emphasizes on integrity, excellence, safety, respect and teamwork (Rio Tinto, 2016). BHP Billiton was established in the year 1885 with its headquarters in Australia. The company deals in exploration and mining of different minerals and oil and gas products such as metallurgical coal, iron ore, uranium, and copper. The company has dual listed company structure with two parent companies namely BHP Billiton Plc and BHP Billiton Ltd and operates as a single economic entity. Besides this, the company has provided employment to approximately 65000 employees (BHP Billiton, 2016). Top-down Analysis: Fundamental Analysis Fundamental analysis is the most common method used by the experts to estimate the intrinsic value of the firm. it analyses the basic financial information of the company such as sales, profits, dividend payout, interest assets, dividend coverage, market share and evaluation of promoter record which in turn facilitates in valuing equity shares on value based methods in three phases namely company analysis, economic analysis and industry analysis (Bouchard and Chassagneux, 2016). Economic Analysis Economic analysis is an approach that results in the determination of the optimum use of limited resources by making comparisons of the available alternatives to achieve specific objective under given assumptions and constraints. It takes into consideration the opportunity cost of resources employed in order to measure the private and social costs in monetary terms related to a project or economy. The mining sector has contributed 8.5% to the total GDP of Australia by providing employment to approximately 2% of the workforce in the year 2013 (The Conversation, 2015). Downstream processing is considered as mining output instead it is considered as production or manufacturing. Besides this, the mining sector pays approximately $12.7 billion as taxes that include $170 million as carbon tax in the year 2013. The major source of income for mining industry in Australia composed of 50% of Australias total export earnings (The Conversation, 2015). Majority of the export earnings of the mining industry is dominated by iron ore and coal. In the year 2013-2014, the exports from iron ore is $74.67 billion. There are approximately 1300 mining firms in Australia out of which, the production is dominated by large firms such as Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton. Besides this, the mining industry has contributed approximately 10% to the total output. Besides this, the GDP per capita income of Australia is $51320 billion in the year 2015. The current exchange rate of Aus$ is 0.73 in the year 2015 which affects the buying behavior of other countries customers to buy Australian products at low exchange rate. This helps in creating competitiveness of the Australian businesses beneficial for economy of Australia (Stanley, 2017). Industry Analysis In the year 2016, there is a decline in the enthusiasm of investors for Australian mining with the growing sector for China. The companies in the mining industry is investing in the innovation and research and development activities in the year 2017 for the purpose of pursuing development in the sector. There are different companies such as BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto to implement autonomous hauling systems for the purpose of increasing the efficiency by making optimum utilization of the available resources with minimum wastage and minimizing the occurrence of errors. There is an occurrence of the decline in the prices of iron ore since 2011 which results in a decline in the prices of the commodities which has a negative effect on the profits of miners and prices of the shares (Latimer, 2016). In the year 2015-16, the mining industry has provided employment to almost 163000 employees. There is a decline in the employment rate by 8.4%. Besides this, the sales from mining industry are $188943 million in 2015-2016. There is a decline in the growth rate in sales income by 11.4%. There is also a decline in the gross income to $60760 million with a decline of 17.5%. There is a decline in the prices of the commodity despite of which there is an occurrence of tremendous transitions in the production phase. Despite of the slow demand of mining, there is a growth in the construction sector. Besides this, there is an occurrence of rapid changes taking place in the technologies used by the mining industry such as autonomous hauling system which results in improving the overall performance and efficiency of the whole industry (Office of the Chief Economist, 2016). Company Analysis It is required to analyze the financial performance and productivity of the companies as it help investors to take decisions regarding the investments to be made in the companies which results in accelerating the growth of the companies. This also helps in gaining competitive advantage over other players in the market. The company is analyzed from the perspective of management or operations carried out by the companies along with its financial performance. It is essential for the companies to disclose the information related to different procedures and processes adopted to carry out its different business operations (Weigand, 2014). Management of Companies The management of both the companies have adopted new technologies and improved processes and procedures for the purpose of increasing their production capacity for the purpose of meeting the needs of its customers. Besides this, the companies have also adopted effective and efficient strategies for the purpose of achieving the goal of the business. There is a requirement to bring transparency in the operations of the business in order to increase the competitiveness of the company (Doss, et al., 2013). Financial Analysis This is the second step of the company analysis in which the financial statements are analyzed by the stakeholders of the company in order to make effective decisions. The financial performance and position of Rio Tinto is better than BHP Billiton as the company has earned profit. The liquidity position of the company is also better of Rio Tinto as compared to BHP Billiton. From the investment point, Rio Tinto is preferred over BHP Billiton as it is more profitable company. In addition to this, shareholders are attracted towards the company as it helps in paying more dividend in comparison to BHP Billiton. This is because BHP Billiton has made loss in the year 2016. In addition to this, market value of BHP Billiton is better than the Rio Tinto which indicates that investors are attracted towards BHP Billiton to make investment in the company (Bell, Brooks and Prokopczuk, 2013). Bottom-up Analysis The bottom up approach does not focuses on the movements occurred in the security market but emphasizes on the individual securities. It makes an assumption that the companies are performing well in the industry. There is a need to review the performance and position of the company as it helps the stakeholders to make effective decisions. In this approach, emphasis is given on a single company rather than on industry and gain knowledge regarding its products and services, research reports and financial stability. The bottom up approach facilitates in providing accurate forecasts of the financial data as it emphasizes on the in depth analysis of the company in terms of products and services, financial performance and position and availability of different business opportunities (Vernimmen, et al., 2014). Rio Tinto Particulars 2015 2016 Current Assets 15261 15055 Current Liabilities 10046 9362 Inventory 3168 2937 Net Profit -1719 4776 Sales 34829 33781 Total Assets 91564 89263 Dividend 2.2 1.51 Earnings per share -0.47 2.55 Market Price per share 23.58 20.73 Shareholders Equity 37349 39290 Current Ratio= current assets/ current liabilities 1.519112 1.608097 For the purpose of carrying out bottom up analysis of the companies, there is a requirement to conduct ratio analysis which helps in providing information related to different aspects of financial performance and position so that different stakeholders can make effective decisions related to having interest in the company in terms of getting return. In order to assess the liquidity position of the company, two ratios such as current and quick ratio is evaluated. These ratios provide information related to the ability of the company to meet its current liabilities by the use of current assets. The above table indicates that there is an increase in the current ratio of the company from 1.5 in 2015 to 1.6 in 2016. This indicates that the company has sufficient current assets to meet its current liabilities (Wahlen, et al., 2014). Besides this, the quick ratio provides the true measure of the liquidity position of the company as it does not consider inventories and prepaid expenses in the current assets as it is slightly takes time to convert them into cash and cash equivalents to meet the current liabilities. There is also an increase in the quick ratio from 1.20 in 2015 to 1.29 in 2016. Besides this, majority of the funds are blocked in the inventories due to which, there is a need to adopt strategies that helps in converting the inventories into cash and cash equivalents (Brigham, 2014). In addition to this, the company has also made loss in the year 2015 and has able to recover the loss and attain a tremendous increase in the net profit margin of 14.13% in the year 2016 from a loss of 4.93%. The main reason behind it is that there is a decline in the revenues generated from the sale of different products offered by the company. Besides this, it also takes into consideration all the expenses incurred in carrying out different business operations of the company. The company has made loss in the year 2015 due to which, it is unable to convert its assets effectively to generate profits for the company. It has made tremendous profit in the year 2016 and converts its assets effectively to generate profit for the company. The return on assets for the company has increased from -1.8% in the year 2015 to 5.35% in 2016. This indicates that the company has improved to make efficient use of its assets to make profit for the company (Wahlen, et al., 2015). Besides this, the company is paying increased dividend to its shareholders every year which results in attracting more investors to make investment in the company as the company is able to pay high return on their investment by exploiting different business opportunities which helps in increasing their profits. In addition to this, there is also an increase in the earnings per share of the company to 2.55 in 2016 from -0.47 in 2015. This shows that the shareholders of the company would earn 2.55 on each share in which they invested if whole of the profit earned by the company is distributed among them. Along with this, there is also an increase in the price earnings ratio from -50.17 in 2015 to 8.12 in 2016. This indicates that the investors such as shareholders and other investors are expected to make increased investment in the company in order to earn high returns on their investments. The company has strong financial performance and position in the market relative to industry ave rage (Brief, 2013). BHP Billiton Particulars 2015 2016 Current Assets 16369 17714 Current Liabilities 12853 12340 Inventory 4292 3411 Net Profit 2878 -6207 Sales 44636 30912 Total Assets 124580 118953 Dividend 2.48 1.56 Earnings per share 0.71 -2.4 Market Price per share 29.75 20.96 Shareholders Equity 64768 54290 Current Ratio= current assets/ current liabilities 1.273554812 1.435494327 Quick Ratio = (Current Assets- Inventory)/ current liabilities 0.93962499 1.159076175 Net Profit Margin = (Net Profit/ Sales)*100 6.447710368 -20.07958075 Return on assets = Net Profit/ Total Assets 0.023101621 -0.052180273 Dividend Yield = Total Dividend Payments/ Market value per share 0.083361345 0.074427481 Price Earnings Ratio = Market Price per share/ Earning per share 41.90140845 -8.733333333 The current ratio and quick ratio provides the information related to the liquidity position of the company. It indicates that the company has sufficient current assets which can be used to pay off its current liabilities. There is an increase in the current ratio of the company from 1.27 in 2015 to 1.43 in 2016. In addition to this, the true measure of the liquidity position of the company is quick ratio as it does not consider inventory while calculation of the ratio i.e. it only considers those current assets that can be quickly converted into cash and cash equivalents to meet its current liabilities in an effective manner (Samonas, 2015). There is also a tremendous increase in the quick ratio of the company to 1.15 in 2016 from 0.93 in 2015. This indicates that the company has good liquidity position. The company has made loss in the year 2016 as compared to the year 2015 as it fails to earn increased revenue from the sales and there is an increase in the expenses incurred by the company due to which the net profit margin of the company in the year 2016 is -20.07% as compared to 6.44% in the year 2015. The net profit margin ratio shows that the profit generated from the sales of the company after meeting out all the expenses incurred in different business operations of the company. In addition to this, due to the company has made loss in the year 2016, the return on assets is also negative in the year 2016 to -0.05 from 0.023 in the year 2015 which indicates that the company is unable to make efficient use of the its assets to generate sales of the company (Wahlen, et al., 2015). The company is able to pay dividends to its shareholders as a return on their investment in the company which attracts more number of investors towards the company. There is also a slightly decline in the dividend yield of the company from 0.083 in 2015 to 0.074 in the year 2016. The company has negative earnings per share in the year 2016 to -2.4 from 0.71 in the year 2015. This indicates that the shareholders of the company are not able to earn an income on the shares held by them. The price earnings ratio is negative as -8.73 in the year 2016 from 41.90 in the year 2015. This shows that investors are reluctant in making investment in the business. Thus, it can be said that the profitability position of the company is not strong in the year 2016 as compared to the year 2015 (Fleisher and Bensoussan, 2015). Summary and Recommendations It can be summarized that the financial performance and position of Rio Tinto is better than BHP Billiton. Besides this, these are close competitors of each other. In addition to this, it can also be summarized that the mining industry deals in the exploration, processing and extraction of the mineral resources such as iron ore, bauxite and so on. In addition to this, it can be recommended that the companies should exploit different business opportunities for the purpose of expansion of the business and increase their profits and liquidity position of the company. References Bell, A.R., Brooks, C. and Prokopczuk, M. (2013) Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Empirical Finance. USA: Edward Elgar Publishing. BHP Billiton. (2016) Annual Report. [Online]. Available at: https://www.bhp.com/-/media/bhp/documents/investors/annual-reports/2016/bhpbillitonannualreport2016.pdf?la=en [Accessed on: 1 September 2017]. Bouchard, B., Chassagneux, J.F. (2016) Fundamentals and Advanced Techniques in Derivatives Hedging. USA: Springer. Brief, R.P. (2013) Corporate Financial Reporting and Analysis in the Early 1900s (RLE Accounting). UK: Routledge. Brigham, E.F. (2014) Financial Management Theory and Practice. USA: Atlantic Publishers Distri. Doss, D.A., Sumrall, W.H., McElreath, D.H. and Jones, D.W. (2013) Economic and Financial Analysis for Criminal Justice Organizations. USA: CRC Press. Fleisher, C.S. and Bensoussan, B.E. (2015) Business and Competitive Analysis: Effective Application of New and Classic Methods. USA: FT Press Latimer, C. (2016) The top ten trends for mining in 2016. [Online]. Available at: https://www.australianmining.com.au/features/top-ten-trends-mining-2016/ [Accessed on: 1 September 2017]. Office of the Chief Economist. (2016) Australian Industry Report. [Online]. Available at: https://www.industry.gov.au/Office-of-the-Chief-Economist/Publications/AustralianIndustryReport/assets/Australian-Industry-Report-2016-Chapter-2.pdf [Accessed on: 1 September 2017]. Rio Tinto. (2016) Annual Report. [Online]. Available at: https://www.riotinto.com/documents/RT_2016_Annual_report.pdf [Accessed on: 1 September 2017]. Robinson, T.R., Henry, E., Pirie, W.L., Broihahn, M.A. and Cope, A.T. (2015) International Financial Statement Analysis, Third Edition (CFA Institute Investment Series). USA: John Wiley Sons. Samonas, M. (2015) Financial Forecasting, Analysis and Modelling: A Framework for Long-Term Forecasting. USA: John Wiley Sons. Stanley, M. (2017) Value of Western Australian resources sector picks up for first time in three years. [Online]. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2017-04-10/wa-mining-sector-increases-after-three-years-in-decline/8431940 [Accessed on: 1 September 2017]. The Conversation. (2015) Australias five pillar economy: mining. [Online]. Available at: https://theconversation.com/australias-five-pillar-economy-mining-40701 [Accessed on: 1 September 2017]. Vernimmen, P., Quiry, P., Dallocchio, M., Fur, Y.L. and Salvi, A. (2014) Corporate Finance: Theory and Practice. USA: John Wiley Sons. Wahlen, J.M., Baginski, S.P. and Bradshaw, M. (2014) Financial Reporting, Financial Statement Analysis and Valuation. USA: Cengage Learning. Wahlen, J.M., Jones, J.P. and Pagach, D. (2015) Intermediate Accounting: Reporting and Analysis. USA: Cengage Learning. Weigand, R.A. (2014) Applied Equity Analysis and Portfolio Management: Tools to Analyze and Manage Your Stock Portfolio. USA: John Wiley Sons.

Black Reconstruction Essays - Reconstruction Era, United States

Black Reconstruction The true significance of slavery in the United States to the whole social development of America, lay in the ultimate relation of slaves to democracy. What were to be the limits of democratic control in the United State? If all labor, black as well as white, became free, were given schools and the right to vote, what control could or should be set to the power and action of these laborers? Was the rule of the mass of Americans to be unlimited, and the right to rule extended to all men, regardless of race and color, or if not, what power of dictatorship would rule, and how would property and privilege be protected? (184) This was the dilemma facing the Northern bourgeoisie in the face of the audacious lawlessness of the South. Northern industrialists had their own reasons for pursuing civil war with the South. They looked upon free Negro labor as a source of profit, and considered freedom, that is, a legal doing away with individual physical control all, that the Negroes or their friends could ask. They did not want for Negro labor any special protection or political power or capital, any more than they wanted this for Irish, German, or Scandinavian labor in the North . When, however, the South went beyond reason and truculently demanded not simply its old political power but increased political power based on disfranchised Negroes, which it openly threatened to use for the revision of the tariff, for the repudiation of the national debt, for disestablishing the national banks, and for putting the new corporate form of industry under strict state regulation and rule, Northern industry was frightened and began to move towards the stand which abolition-democracy had already taken; namely, temporary dictatorship, endowed Negro education, legal civil rights, and eventually even votes for Negroes to offset the Southern threat of economic attack. In the Republican Party, both Radical Republicans as well as pragmatic industrialists struggled for control of the party. Eric Foner describes the Radical Republicans as " a self-conscious political generation with a common set of experiences and commitments, a grass-roots constituency, a moral sensibility, and a program for Reconstruction. Radicals had long insisted that slavery and the rights of Blacks must take precedence over other political questions. " 8 These radicals, or in Du Bois ' s words the " abolition-democracy, " took the reins of the Reconstruction process and dashed to the left. Stevens and Sumner led the charge. The pursuit of a Radical Reconstruction reflected these priorities. Congress quickly took three actions to protect the rights of Southern Blacks. Drafting the Fourteenth Amendment as a way to guarantee the r ights of freedmen as citizens. This was necessary because the 1857 Dred Scott decision ruled that Blacks were " property not people. " Moreover, without the rights of citizenship there would be no way for Blacks to protect themselves from the excesses of racist state governments. Congress moved to extend the life of the Freedmen ' s Bureau. The Freedmen ' s Bureau was an agency in the South meant to advocate for newly freed slaves in the transition from slavery to freedom. The Bureau was charged with establishing schools, dividing the confiscated land of Confederate planters, supervising contracts between Black freedmen and their landlords, and mediating other disputes. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Under its provisions ex-slaves became citizens who enjoyed " the full and equal benefits of all laws. " The bill gave federal courts the power to intervene when state and local governments denied full protection of the law. Andrew Johnson, of course, vetoed all of this legislation. But his actions only angered moderate Republicans and pushed them toward the Radicals, giving the Radicals the two-thirds majority needed to overturn a presidential veto. Johnson became more vitriolic in his race hatred and openly campaigned with Democrats to undo all civil rights legislation. This only led to his intense political isolation, resulting in a landslide electoral victory for Republicans in the fall of 1866 helping to usher in Radical Reconstruction. The radicals tied Black suffrage to Reconstruction. Before Congress, Sumner persuasively argued, Without their votes we cannot establish stable governments in

Global Warming Is Not Caused by Humans Essay Example

Global Warming Is Not Caused by Humans Essay Example Global Warming Is Not Caused by Humans Paper Global Warming Is Not Caused by Humans Paper There are many scientists who say that humans are the cause of global warming. With all the talk about green house gases going up and the amount of emissions that humans are putting into the atmosphere, not very many people talk about the other side of the story. By proving that humans are not the Cause of Global warming people will better understand what really is causing global warming. There are three very important points that one needs to look at when discussing the issue of global warming. One is ICC concentrations are not very high at all. The second is that solar cycles cause eating on not only earth but other planets. The last would be that global warming Of the earth is a natural cycle that the earth goes through and has been going through for many years. It is very easy to get caught up in the global warming talk. One of the biggest issues is that of carbon dioxide. People claim that carbon dioxide is the main cause of global warming but carbon dioxide concentrations are not all that high. People have studied that historically there has been much more carbon dioxide in our atmosphere than there is today for example: During the Jurassic Period, 200 million years ago, average ICC concentrations were bout 1 800 pump or about 4. 7 times higher than today. The highest concentrations of ICC during all of the Paleozoic Era occurred during the Cambrian Period, nearly 7000 pump about 18 times higher than today (Global Warming Introduction). The Carboniferous Period and the Ordination Period were the only geological periods during the Paleozoic Era when global temperatures were as low as they are today (Global Warming, Introduction). : To the concern of global warming proponents, the Late Ordination Period was also an Ice Age while at the same time ICC concentrations then were nearly 12 times higher than today 4400 pump. According to greenhouse theory, Earth should have been exceedingly hot. Instead, global temperatures were no warmer than today. With these facts there has to be other factors besides atmospheric carbon influencing earths temperatures and global warming. Plus Carbon dioxide is such a small component of Earths atmosphere that it is only about 0. 04% of all gases in the atmosphere. In the last 600 million years of Earths history only the Carboniferous Period and our present age, the Quaternary Period, have witnessed ICC levels less than 400 pump (Global Warming- Introduction). Scientists fight back saying that the increase in fossil fuels burning are causing the increase in temperature. Humans use of fossil fuels is just a small portion of the carbon dioxide that makes up our atmosphere. Carbon Dioxide from all coal burning worldwide comprises only 0. 013% Of the greenhouse gases in Earths atmosphere (Global Warming- Introduction). This is a very small portion of the Carbon Dioxide that humans contribute to the atmosphere, but what is the percentage of Carbon dioxide contributed by humans to the atmosphere? According to Greatcoat. Com carbon dioxide by human activity is just a minuscule . 17% of the entire atmosphere. There are far too many facts stating that carbon dioxide makes up just a little portion of the atmosphere. With humans only contributing only . 117% carbon dioxide in the entire atmosphere, humans cannot possibly be the cause of global warming. Solar Cycles show proof that humans are not the cause of global warming. Scientists have been observing warming on other planets not just earth. Planetary warming was observed on Mars, Jupiter, Pluto, and Neptune largest moon Triton during decades following the peak of the Solar Grand Maximum (Solar Climate). These same observations are being made on Earth. Having this information how can scientists say that humans are causing global warming when other planets are experiencing the same warming, and humans are not there? According to Nick Frozen on launderers. Mom Pluto is moving further from the sun in its orbit, thus it should be cooling, but instead it is warming. This is one sign that shows that the climate change on Earth is caused by solar cycles. According to Frozen the sun is now changing from its solar Grand Maximum to its solar Grand Minimum. The Earth Heats up after every Grand Maximum lagging a bit after he peak (SolarClimate). Latest science reveals sharp increases in global warming precede sharp increases in carbon dioxide, not the other way around. Global warming causes more carbon dioxide to be released from the oceans (SolarClimate). Current research shows Earths oceans are now beginning to cool Frozen says it is also now clear that temperatures over the last century correlate far better with cycles in oceans than they do with carbon dioxide; and the temperature cycles in the oceans are caused by cycles of the sun In 2005 data from Annas Mars Global Surveyor and Odyssey Missions valued Global Surveyor and Odyssey missions revealed that the carbon dioxide ice Caps near Mars South pole had been diminishing for three summers in a row (National Geographic). Habitual Bodhisattva head of space research at SST. Petersburg Pullout Astronomical Observatory in Russia, says the Mars data is evidence that the current global warming on Earth is being caused by changes in the sun. The long-term increase in solar radiance is heating both Earth and Mars, he said (National Geographic). Bodhisattva believes that changes in the suns heat output can account for almost all the climate changes scientists have seen on both planets. Mars and Earth for instance, have experienced periodic ice ages throughout their histories (National Geographic). Abductors says that man-made greenhouse warming has made a small contribution to the warming seen on Early in recent years, but it cannot compete with the increase in solar radiance (National Geographic). Abductors research proves that humans are not the cause of global warming. Science Daily shows A study in the July 2002 issue of Journal of Geophysical Research-Space Physics, published by the American Geophysical Union, proposes for the first time that interstellar cosmic rays could be the missing link between the discordant temperatures observed during the last two decades (since recorded satellite records began in 1979). The report, by Fanning You of the State University of New York-Albany, proposes that the rays, tiny charged particles that bombard all planets with varying frequency depending on solar wind intensity, may have height-dependent effects on our planets cloudiness (Science Daily). A systematic change in global cloud cover will change the atmospheric heating profile, You said. In other words, the cosmic ray-induced global cloud hanged could be the long-sought mechanism connecting solar and climate variability (Science Daily). With this discovery scientists are closer to proving that humans are not the cause of global warming. Global warming is a cycle the earth has been going through for many years. There are natural cycles, over which we have no control, that dictate how warm the planet is (Absences). According to research conducted by professor Don Easternmost from Western Washington University last November, the oceans and global temperatures are correlated. The Oceans have a cycle in which they warm ND cool cyclically (Absences). One of the cycles scientists have named the Pacific Decal Oscillation (POD). In April 2008, scientists at Annas Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced that while the La Ina was weakening, the Pacific Decal Oscillation-?a larger-scale, slower-cycling ocean pattern-?had shifted to its cool phase (NASA: POD). The picture to the right shows both the La Nina anomaly and the POD anomaly on a thermal map. For much of the asses and 1 sass it was a positive cycle which means warmer than average. Observations have revealed that global temperatures were warm too Absences). Scientists say that the oceans control a big part of the temperature and climate of every place in the world.

Satues of African American In United Statues Essay

Satues of African American In United Statues - Essay Example Segregation in the South included schools, public facilities, separate waiting room in train station, separate seats in all forms of transportation ,separate drinking fountain, telephone boots and cemeteries, public entertainment, libraries, auditorium etch. It was followed by Disenfranchisement Law which prohibited African Americans to vote which made the plight of the African American more miserable. This caused the Civil War between the Confederates of the South who wanted to retain slavery and the Union of the North where it wanted to abolish it. The end of the civil war (with the north winning) effectively begun the reconstruction period in the South which in essence failed because it was not able to provide some civil rights to African Americans as it intended to. In 1876 however, the Republicans gained majority control in Congress under the leadership of Harry Truman altered the pattern of discrimination and passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution where several civil rights bills were introduced which will give every Americans equal protection before the law (Cornell University Law School, nd). This should have provided the African American to vote but this was circumvented in many ways that prevented the African Americans to vote (i.e. poll taxes, literacy test, grandfather clauses) Advocates of African American equality in the form of philosophy and art came into being in the form of Harlem Renaissance. The personalities of Locke and Dubois then asserted that African Americans too are equality talented as any other race and called on Negro Art to be used for the emancipation of the African Americans against discrimination. In this aspect, they called on the ending of segregation through the arts by elevating the African American to the status equal to any other race. There were also countless acts of protest of such discrimination

Dwarf planet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dwarf planet - Essay Example sume the spherical shape and secondly, they have not yet established a debris free orbit in their solar system and thirdly, they must not be satellites for other planets. Further, if the celestial object in question is too small to take the rounded spherical shape, it would probably be classified as a comet or an asteroid. In our own solar system, there are several objects that fall under this category of planets. The introduction of this new category of celestial objects was prompted by the recent discovery of Eris – a disc shaped cluster of debris that was located far beyond the orbit of Pluto. The other notable dwarf planets in our solar system are Ceres and Pluto. Ceres was for previously recognized as the largest asteroid and Pluto is demoted to dwarf planet status considering that its orbit is not as well established as other planets. It is interesting to note that these three are only the most prominent dwarf planets in our solar system. There could be as many as 200 orbiting in the outer reaches of our solar

A Fingerprint Identification Technology Information Technology Essay

A Fingerprint Identification Technology Information Technology Essay ABSTRACT Now a days in IT technology, security is needed and it plays an important role in IT applications and security solution applications. For maintaining security BIOMETRICS provides an important role and the name it defines as bio is related to biological study and where metric know as measurement. Where, Finger print identification is a technique we used in biometrics and it is most successful oldest method applicable in abundant uses. Everyone has own unique immutable fingerprints. At which finger print is mainly consist of a furrows and series of ridges on upper layer of a finger. A fingerprint is mainly identify by the furrows and ridges and minutiae points, where an minutiae points can be obtained by ridges characteristics where they be contained in ridge bifurcation and ending. An finger print identification is mainly applicable in investigations. INTRODUCTION A fingerprint identification is a process for identify persons these can be applicable from last 19th centurys. Francis Galton defines the characteristics points of finger print identification and these points are foundation of identification and expand over past centuries. In 1960 finger print identification starts with computing technology, with those computers a Galton point subnet that refers to minutiae has implemented for development of fingerprint technology. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses the fingerprint identification in 1969, after that it has fastly developed in many more manual process uses. After that National Bureau of Standards has Connect with FBI for processing the automate fingerprint identification and presently the development process is going on National Institute of Standards and Technology. After a few years the NIST was focus on developments of fingerprint identification in digital link with the effects of image quality and matching and minutiae extractions. For human search narrowing uses the M40 algorithm these algorithms were introduced by FBI and these was implemented by NIST. The M40 algorithm was proved successfully and trained for human technicians for significant calculations of small set of images. In 1981, fingerprint technology was improved to Automated Fingerprint Identification System with different systems on USA and other countries. On this evaluation of all communication systems were overlooked with each other, that means collection of fingerprint in one system the other system cannot search against the other these standards need more develop in fingerprint identification. In 1994, fing erprint identification was developed the automated integrated fingerprint identification system with most important challenges. Where the challenges that implement in fingerprint identification was digital fingerprint and ridge characteristics extractions and pattern matching model system performance. APPROACH In fingerprint identification, a finger mainly looks with black series lines with friction ridges with high portion peaking and these ridges looks white space at less portion of ridge friction. The fingerprint identification mainly consists of minutiae points and ridges and bifurcations. The following figure shows the fingerprint characteristics features of minutiae and other characteristics of fingerprint. C:UsersRAGHUDesktopimages.jpg F1: Minutiae C:UsersRAGHUDesktopfinger3.jpg F2: Other fingerprint characteristics An overall data can be obtained from fingerprint ridges with friction flow and the feature presence is obtained by the individual path ridges. Some important fingerprint features were developed from AFIS. Such as it does not provide a continuous flow in pattern in friction ridges these frequently obtained in characteristics of ridges in ending and dividing and dots. The main propose of AFIS designing is to clarify the overall flow of ridges with classification and minutiae extractions of fingerprint. Fingerprint identification is mainly obtained by hardware and software technologies. HARDWARE In hardware implementation in fingerprint identification can be contained by different types of sensors they are optical and capacitive and thermal and these are mainly applicable in digital picture collection on upper layer of a finger. Now a days optical sensors are using commonly for fingerprint image. A sensor which measures the capacitances that can be depend upon evaluate the pixel value these types of sensors is knows as capacitive sensors and it can easily evaluate the capacitance because an area of finger is more than area of valley. The thermal scanners are mainly use for the temperature measurement on digital picture at the time of finger swipe. At which some sensors contained with high frequency during the finger print scanning these type of sensors are knows as ultrasound sensors. Pastly we use some hardware technologies they named as optical sensors and solid state capacitive sensors and solid state temperature sensors and solid state electric field sensors. While in so lid state sensors are very small and they can improve to nearly to machine. The latest development technology in sensors are improve with small cards like debit cards. SOFTWARE In software technology use in fingerprint technique is consists of two methods one is minutiae matching and another one is pattern matching method. In minutiae matching method it deals with the minutiae points and their direction of every point. In pattern matching method it deals with the similarity of the two fingerprint pictures. In fingerprint matching algorithm we are using two different techniques one is minutiae matching and other one is pattern matching technique and these two techniques are discussed below. Minutiae-based Matching Pattern Matching Minutiae-based Matching: The modern fingerprint technology uses the minutiae matching technique. An idea starts from an same fingerprint images will prove minutiae of one picture have same corresponding to other picture at that time picture have equal minutiae points. Basically, minutiae points are equal at relative distance of other minutiae points. Points are matchup at the multiple points of one picture has same distance and another picture multiple points have equal distance. Mainly minutiae matching features are deals with the fingerprint ridges and these can be divided into three points one is short ridge and ridge ending and bifurcation. Short Ridge Ridge Ending Bifurcation F1: Short ridges F2; Ridge Ending F3: Bifurcation Short Ridge: In Short ridges are define as the smaller length than the average length of ridges in fingerprint. Ridge Ending: In ridge ending is define as the point at which ridge terminates. Bifurcation: In bifurcation one ridge is divided into two ridges. Basically, minutiae points are arranged with their equal position to one another with their directions in enrollment process. In matching process, the fingerprint picture identifies the minutiae points which are equal to stored fingerprint data. In these process, it first evaluate the minutiae points and after that it map the relative placement on finger at that time it contains complexity. This algorithm process cannot used for the person who having the low quality of minutiae points because the algorithm cannot use for the less quality points. Pattern Matching: In pattern matching, it does not only compares the individual points it can compare all characteristics points on surface of finger. Mainly the characteristics are on finger densities and ridge thickness and curvature of fingerprint. While fingerprint ridges are mainly divided into three basic patterns they are Whorl and Loop and Arch. Arch: In arch pattern the ridges are start from one side and ends on other side in between the starting and ending side that is in middle it rises like a curve shape on finger surface area. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Arch.jpg/200px-Arch.jpg Arch:F1 Loop: In loop they form like a curve shape because they will start from one side and end with other side. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Loop.jpg Loop: F2 Whorl: In whorl ridges are form a circular shape on centre on the finger surface. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Whorl.jpg/200px-Whorl.jpg Whorl: F3 While in enrollment method, fingerprint can be extracted from the relative distance on small fingerprint section. Mainly pattern matching is use for detecting the duplicate fingerprints it will be based on the area of minutiae point and unusual combinations and low curvature and radius. WORKING WITH BIOMETRICS The following components are plays an important role in biometrics system. In this process, for collecting the data information on fingerprint we have to use data collection. Raw is defined as the collection of data during the fingerprint process in biometrics. After that process is finished it can matching the persons fingerprint which can be stored before, if it exists the person is authenticated and denied its access. This is process we are using in biometric process. Below figure shows the biometrics process and components in biometrics. CONCLUSION For security propose fingerprint place an important role in human recognition from past years and biometric system only be present at the recent years. For the development of fingerprint standards, government and other industries had done developments on fingerprint techniques. This development over the highly quality products and faster use of devices and improve the reliability on fingerprint recognition system. Where this technique is mainly used for the government legal methods and investigation propose and science community developments and these are mainly useful for the biometrics. Behind this development we have so many reasons because biometric is not cure all security identifications. In this paper we discussed the overview of fingerprint identification and techniques we are using in fingerprint for recognition and also we discussed the how it is use for the biometric system. For determination of fingerprint industry government and other industries will done led on coming g eneration for fingerprint identification.

Public administration evolution Essay

Public administration refers to the rules and processes followed by the government when using public resources. Efficient management of resources, transparency, accountability and good policies ensure that the relationship between the government and the public is based on mutual respect. Significant reforms in the U. S have been achieved in the public administration by the government to achieve the above goals. Public administration should ensure that good ethics are achieved in the financial administration and other offices. Public administration has been said to move from theories competition of interest groups and the electoral, of games, of winners and losers and is taking its focus towards theories of cooperation, institutional building and maintenance, networking and governance. It is moving to deal with daunting problems connected with state disarticulation. This has been termed as repositioned public administration. The government was earlier concerned with issues of maintaining a culture of ‘winning’ on its part but it has taken a great shift into largely incorporating other needs-ranging from the issues of administration to formulation of rules and regulation. Formulation of various Acts to cater for various needs has been successful though with failure in the U. S public administration history. This is in an attempt to improve in terms of public care, business regulation and governance improvements. The Northern Ordinance of 1787 shaped orientation of America to local public administration. This legislation made it possible for direct local democracy and an overarching umbrella of local administrative responsibilities and obligations for essential services like justice, health care, schools, roads and law enforcement under direct local control. Local administration took over all activities except defense, during the nineteenth century. National government didn’t play key role in administration of the locals and the state government left rural administration and policy making to the local administrators. In the nineteenth century, the policy decisions flowed from local levels to top level, the rural communities communicated between or amongst them if there were close proximity and common problem, and policy making was not significantly by the village. Government added and expanded its supervisory and regulative role to rural areas during the first half of the twentieth century, as the rurals were being integrated into the national economy. The needs of the more developed and populous urbanized political centers have been closed to those of the rurals by the leadership amongst the federal and state governments in collaboration with the rural governments over time. The latter part of the twentieth century saw increased government mission and scope particularly growth of the local and state government, and the intergovernmental mandates and demands on local units of government. Eventually, there was the formation of the policies for the federal and state governments and they imposed their demands and priorities in a standard manner with little consideration of these policies in an environment of low population density. A gap between the rural and urban administrating units resulted from the growth of control over the local administrative discretions by the federal and state government. Local governments were falling sort if interest to implement services primarily designed for the urbanized areas and were lacking the personnel and resources to implement them effectively. In the twentieth century, the local administration had little capacity to influence the administration by other governments and the urbanized centers which were the decision and policy controllers. Rural residents often withdrew from governance and rural areas were an issue for federal and state governments to cater for (Audirac, 1997). There was latter devolution of the authority. Provision of services, construction and maintenance The Interstate Commerce Act was passed by the U. S Congress in 1887 to prevent discrimination in the charge rates in rail roads. They charged lesser for competitive long haul than for monopolistic short haul due to competition for traffic in some places. Merchants, communities, farmers and regions who were the pricing practices turned to politics for redress and protesting made several states regulate railroads. Reformers and railroads disliked the ideas in the some of the provisions of this act which also received opposition from California and Northeast. The act established the Interstate Commerce Commission. The Supreme Court denied the commission power to set rates and prevent the abuse in charges for the short and long haul latter in 1897, but again the Congress amended the ICA through the Hepburn act of 1906 empowering the on the setting of maximum freight charges and extend its authority over oil pipelines and express companies. Further powers were given via various acts like the Transportation Act (1920), Transportation Act (1940) and The Motor Carrier Act (1935) after World War 1 and after the World War 2, due to arising competition difficulties from motor and water carriers, further amendments by the Congress were made but failed. By 1970s and 1980s critics declared the Act a failure. Staggers Rail Act of 1980 made competition of railroads with tracks possible and The Motor Carrier Act of the same year deregulated trucking business. In December 1995 the Interstate Commerce Act became dead letter due to carrying out of a proposal by the Office of Management and Budget with the cutting of budget in Washington (Paul, S. Boyer ‘Interstate Commerce Act’ The Oxford Companion to United States History). Cash payments The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) was amended by the U.  S Congress and declared illegal every contract, combination (in form of trust or otherwise) or conspiracy in restraint of interstate and foreign trade and imposed a fine. It gave power to federal government to institute proceeding against trusts. The Supreme Court ruling prevented federal authorities to use the act for some years. President Theodore politically championed against this and Taft employed it in 1911 against Standard Oil Trust and the American Tobacco. Other acts were formed latter to supplement it or replace it (The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition). Employment and Regulation The Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883) gave chance to the system of permanent federal employment based on merit as opposed to the earlier which was based on political party affiliation. A competitive examination by a civil service commission would be used to select government employees. Before then only 10 % were covered by the law but latter on the scope was moved to include more than 90 % of federal employees (Britanicca Concise Encyclopedia). The government has since been involved in the improvement not only of workers employment terms but also their pay.

How To Basic

Put the pan on stand 2. Put the oil on the pan after that put the pepper 3. Wait,what will happen next. Reaction: -The pepper was added on the oil then a fire suddenly appeared on the bowl the potassium permanganate is an oxidant that added on brick fluid is a kind of fuel. Fuel and oxidant need to release energy in form of heat. Fire is The result of their combustion Experiment: 2 Monster Head ExperimentDry ice Martial and Pestle Rubber Balloon Funnel Bottle with Water Teaspoon 1 . Put The Dry ice on Mortal and pestle then bowdlerized it. 2. Get the balloon and put the funnel on a balloon 3. Put the two teaspoon of dry ice on the balloon,After that get the bottle with water and put the Balloon on the bottles 4. Put the opening of the balloon into the bottle mouth until the dry ice is consumed. Reaction: -The dry ice was put inside the balloon using funnel and the balloon was placed on the bottle filled with water.They let the ice went down and dissolved. A smoke released and the ba lloon became inflated. The Dry ice is a Frozen Carbon dioxide that's hay it is solid became gas and it is called sublimation. This gas is a carbon dioxide that helps the balloon to be inflate. Experiment : 3 Salt Smoke Bomb Wick Aluminum tray Salt peter Lighter Tong Procedure: 1 . Put the aluminum tray on the stand 2. Put one teaspoon of sugar and one teaspoon of salt peter and then mixed it. 3. Put the wick in the middle of aluminum tray. 4. Light up the wick.The salt peter and sugar with the ratio one is to one as put on an aluminum tray. The wick was put in the middle of it. They put a fire using lighter the smoke release the salt peter and sugar is a reason why oxidation occurred. Salt peter or potassium nitrate is a kind of oxide or chemical that attacks electrons. Sugar is a kind of reducer or chemical that gives electrons when the sugar and salt pepper lightened,the oxygen increased that's Hay the kind of mixtures change. The other molecules released with oxygen and this is t he smoke.Date:November 3, 2013 Experiment: 1 Levitate or Floating CD Materials CD Magnet CD Rack -Theses in The rack are not together because of the magnet placed under the CD. Every magnet has a north and south pole,There are two possibilities its either opposite attracts or same repels. Len our experiment The CD with magnet repels but not attached to each other so there can't attach whenever we push each other, Fountain Of Beads Beads Glass -The Beads put in a glass,then you will remove it inside the glass without using your bare hands.The Science behind the experiment is the centers around the principle of inertia. Lintier is the tendency of all object and matter in the universe to remain still,or if moving continue moving in the same direction. Experiment: 3 In-Attention Experiment -In This Experiment They will test your attentiveness. They have an activity that you need to focus your mind,There is a group of dancer that will dance and one of the member is the one that will focu s on. Reaction Paper In Science Ill Melody Jacobson Ill-David Hilbert (19)

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 951 Words

Introduction The extent to which ones opinions and views can be altered without them even noticing is impeccable. F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author of ‘The Great Gatsby’, explores the ways in which one can influence a person’s thoughts in such a minute way that they themselves don’t even realise it. He, as a writer, is â€Å"communicative in a reserved way†. This leaves the readers perspective altered to believe what the author wants. Different minds will acknowledge and recognise different aspects of any text thus leaving every reader with a changed outlook on the discussed topic yet feeling as though they created this thought themselves. The following speech gives an insight to my perspective and what changed it. Point Explain Evidence Evaluate Link Nick Carraway the narrator of ‘The Great Gatsby’ is a biased (2) , dishonest (3) , easily influenced (4) , pretentious, contradicting, narrative device. I must say, this is an interesting way to create a character. Flashbacks, motifs- Dishonesty - Nick Carraway Nick Carraways morals derive from his father, Shown in the brief flashback in the first paragraph on page one. Nick has supposedly been â€Å"turning over† a piece of advice given to him by his father in his â€Å"younger and more vulnerable years†. The advice being to â€Å"reserve all judgements† Although this concept is next to never upheld in the novel, it FORCES the readers to form an opinion on Nick straight away and as this is the first and only information received by the readers,Show MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. 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