A Fingerprint Identification Technology Information Technology Essay

A Fingerprint Identification Technology Information Technology Essay ABSTRACT Now a days in IT technology, security is needed and it plays an important role in IT applications and security solution applications. For maintaining security BIOMETRICS provides an important role and the name it defines as bio is related to biological study and where metric know as measurement. Where, Finger print identification is a technique we used in biometrics and it is most successful oldest method applicable in abundant uses. Everyone has own unique immutable fingerprints. At which finger print is mainly consist of a furrows and series of ridges on upper layer of a finger. A fingerprint is mainly identify by the furrows and ridges and minutiae points, where an minutiae points can be obtained by ridges characteristics where they be contained in ridge bifurcation and ending. An finger print identification is mainly applicable in investigations. INTRODUCTION A fingerprint identification is a process for identify persons these can be applicable from last 19th centurys. Francis Galton defines the characteristics points of finger print identification and these points are foundation of identification and expand over past centuries. In 1960 finger print identification starts with computing technology, with those computers a Galton point subnet that refers to minutiae has implemented for development of fingerprint technology. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses the fingerprint identification in 1969, after that it has fastly developed in many more manual process uses. After that National Bureau of Standards has Connect with FBI for processing the automate fingerprint identification and presently the development process is going on National Institute of Standards and Technology. After a few years the NIST was focus on developments of fingerprint identification in digital link with the effects of image quality and matching and minutiae extractions. For human search narrowing uses the M40 algorithm these algorithms were introduced by FBI and these was implemented by NIST. The M40 algorithm was proved successfully and trained for human technicians for significant calculations of small set of images. In 1981, fingerprint technology was improved to Automated Fingerprint Identification System with different systems on USA and other countries. On this evaluation of all communication systems were overlooked with each other, that means collection of fingerprint in one system the other system cannot search against the other these standards need more develop in fingerprint identification. In 1994, fing erprint identification was developed the automated integrated fingerprint identification system with most important challenges. Where the challenges that implement in fingerprint identification was digital fingerprint and ridge characteristics extractions and pattern matching model system performance. APPROACH In fingerprint identification, a finger mainly looks with black series lines with friction ridges with high portion peaking and these ridges looks white space at less portion of ridge friction. The fingerprint identification mainly consists of minutiae points and ridges and bifurcations. The following figure shows the fingerprint characteristics features of minutiae and other characteristics of fingerprint. C:UsersRAGHUDesktopimages.jpg F1: Minutiae C:UsersRAGHUDesktopfinger3.jpg F2: Other fingerprint characteristics An overall data can be obtained from fingerprint ridges with friction flow and the feature presence is obtained by the individual path ridges. Some important fingerprint features were developed from AFIS. Such as it does not provide a continuous flow in pattern in friction ridges these frequently obtained in characteristics of ridges in ending and dividing and dots. The main propose of AFIS designing is to clarify the overall flow of ridges with classification and minutiae extractions of fingerprint. Fingerprint identification is mainly obtained by hardware and software technologies. HARDWARE In hardware implementation in fingerprint identification can be contained by different types of sensors they are optical and capacitive and thermal and these are mainly applicable in digital picture collection on upper layer of a finger. Now a days optical sensors are using commonly for fingerprint image. A sensor which measures the capacitances that can be depend upon evaluate the pixel value these types of sensors is knows as capacitive sensors and it can easily evaluate the capacitance because an area of finger is more than area of valley. The thermal scanners are mainly use for the temperature measurement on digital picture at the time of finger swipe. At which some sensors contained with high frequency during the finger print scanning these type of sensors are knows as ultrasound sensors. Pastly we use some hardware technologies they named as optical sensors and solid state capacitive sensors and solid state temperature sensors and solid state electric field sensors. While in so lid state sensors are very small and they can improve to nearly to machine. The latest development technology in sensors are improve with small cards like debit cards. SOFTWARE In software technology use in fingerprint technique is consists of two methods one is minutiae matching and another one is pattern matching method. In minutiae matching method it deals with the minutiae points and their direction of every point. In pattern matching method it deals with the similarity of the two fingerprint pictures. In fingerprint matching algorithm we are using two different techniques one is minutiae matching and other one is pattern matching technique and these two techniques are discussed below. Minutiae-based Matching Pattern Matching Minutiae-based Matching: The modern fingerprint technology uses the minutiae matching technique. An idea starts from an same fingerprint images will prove minutiae of one picture have same corresponding to other picture at that time picture have equal minutiae points. Basically, minutiae points are equal at relative distance of other minutiae points. Points are matchup at the multiple points of one picture has same distance and another picture multiple points have equal distance. Mainly minutiae matching features are deals with the fingerprint ridges and these can be divided into three points one is short ridge and ridge ending and bifurcation. Short Ridge Ridge Ending Bifurcation F1: Short ridges F2; Ridge Ending F3: Bifurcation Short Ridge: In Short ridges are define as the smaller length than the average length of ridges in fingerprint. Ridge Ending: In ridge ending is define as the point at which ridge terminates. Bifurcation: In bifurcation one ridge is divided into two ridges. Basically, minutiae points are arranged with their equal position to one another with their directions in enrollment process. In matching process, the fingerprint picture identifies the minutiae points which are equal to stored fingerprint data. In these process, it first evaluate the minutiae points and after that it map the relative placement on finger at that time it contains complexity. This algorithm process cannot used for the person who having the low quality of minutiae points because the algorithm cannot use for the less quality points. Pattern Matching: In pattern matching, it does not only compares the individual points it can compare all characteristics points on surface of finger. Mainly the characteristics are on finger densities and ridge thickness and curvature of fingerprint. While fingerprint ridges are mainly divided into three basic patterns they are Whorl and Loop and Arch. Arch: In arch pattern the ridges are start from one side and ends on other side in between the starting and ending side that is in middle it rises like a curve shape on finger surface area. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Arch.jpg/200px-Arch.jpg Arch:F1 Loop: In loop they form like a curve shape because they will start from one side and end with other side. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Loop.jpg Loop: F2 Whorl: In whorl ridges are form a circular shape on centre on the finger surface. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Whorl.jpg/200px-Whorl.jpg Whorl: F3 While in enrollment method, fingerprint can be extracted from the relative distance on small fingerprint section. Mainly pattern matching is use for detecting the duplicate fingerprints it will be based on the area of minutiae point and unusual combinations and low curvature and radius. WORKING WITH BIOMETRICS The following components are plays an important role in biometrics system. In this process, for collecting the data information on fingerprint we have to use data collection. Raw is defined as the collection of data during the fingerprint process in biometrics. After that process is finished it can matching the persons fingerprint which can be stored before, if it exists the person is authenticated and denied its access. This is process we are using in biometric process. Below figure shows the biometrics process and components in biometrics. CONCLUSION For security propose fingerprint place an important role in human recognition from past years and biometric system only be present at the recent years. For the development of fingerprint standards, government and other industries had done developments on fingerprint techniques. This development over the highly quality products and faster use of devices and improve the reliability on fingerprint recognition system. Where this technique is mainly used for the government legal methods and investigation propose and science community developments and these are mainly useful for the biometrics. Behind this development we have so many reasons because biometric is not cure all security identifications. In this paper we discussed the overview of fingerprint identification and techniques we are using in fingerprint for recognition and also we discussed the how it is use for the biometric system. For determination of fingerprint industry government and other industries will done led on coming g eneration for fingerprint identification.

Public administration evolution Essay

Public administration refers to the rules and processes followed by the government when using public resources. Efficient management of resources, transparency, accountability and good policies ensure that the relationship between the government and the public is based on mutual respect. Significant reforms in the U. S have been achieved in the public administration by the government to achieve the above goals. Public administration should ensure that good ethics are achieved in the financial administration and other offices. Public administration has been said to move from theories competition of interest groups and the electoral, of games, of winners and losers and is taking its focus towards theories of cooperation, institutional building and maintenance, networking and governance. It is moving to deal with daunting problems connected with state disarticulation. This has been termed as repositioned public administration. The government was earlier concerned with issues of maintaining a culture of ‘winning’ on its part but it has taken a great shift into largely incorporating other needs-ranging from the issues of administration to formulation of rules and regulation. Formulation of various Acts to cater for various needs has been successful though with failure in the U. S public administration history. This is in an attempt to improve in terms of public care, business regulation and governance improvements. The Northern Ordinance of 1787 shaped orientation of America to local public administration. This legislation made it possible for direct local democracy and an overarching umbrella of local administrative responsibilities and obligations for essential services like justice, health care, schools, roads and law enforcement under direct local control. Local administration took over all activities except defense, during the nineteenth century. National government didn’t play key role in administration of the locals and the state government left rural administration and policy making to the local administrators. In the nineteenth century, the policy decisions flowed from local levels to top level, the rural communities communicated between or amongst them if there were close proximity and common problem, and policy making was not significantly by the village. Government added and expanded its supervisory and regulative role to rural areas during the first half of the twentieth century, as the rurals were being integrated into the national economy. The needs of the more developed and populous urbanized political centers have been closed to those of the rurals by the leadership amongst the federal and state governments in collaboration with the rural governments over time. The latter part of the twentieth century saw increased government mission and scope particularly growth of the local and state government, and the intergovernmental mandates and demands on local units of government. Eventually, there was the formation of the policies for the federal and state governments and they imposed their demands and priorities in a standard manner with little consideration of these policies in an environment of low population density. A gap between the rural and urban administrating units resulted from the growth of control over the local administrative discretions by the federal and state government. Local governments were falling sort if interest to implement services primarily designed for the urbanized areas and were lacking the personnel and resources to implement them effectively. In the twentieth century, the local administration had little capacity to influence the administration by other governments and the urbanized centers which were the decision and policy controllers. Rural residents often withdrew from governance and rural areas were an issue for federal and state governments to cater for (Audirac, 1997). There was latter devolution of the authority. Provision of services, construction and maintenance The Interstate Commerce Act was passed by the U. S Congress in 1887 to prevent discrimination in the charge rates in rail roads. They charged lesser for competitive long haul than for monopolistic short haul due to competition for traffic in some places. Merchants, communities, farmers and regions who were the pricing practices turned to politics for redress and protesting made several states regulate railroads. Reformers and railroads disliked the ideas in the some of the provisions of this act which also received opposition from California and Northeast. The act established the Interstate Commerce Commission. The Supreme Court denied the commission power to set rates and prevent the abuse in charges for the short and long haul latter in 1897, but again the Congress amended the ICA through the Hepburn act of 1906 empowering the on the setting of maximum freight charges and extend its authority over oil pipelines and express companies. Further powers were given via various acts like the Transportation Act (1920), Transportation Act (1940) and The Motor Carrier Act (1935) after World War 1 and after the World War 2, due to arising competition difficulties from motor and water carriers, further amendments by the Congress were made but failed. By 1970s and 1980s critics declared the Act a failure. Staggers Rail Act of 1980 made competition of railroads with tracks possible and The Motor Carrier Act of the same year deregulated trucking business. In December 1995 the Interstate Commerce Act became dead letter due to carrying out of a proposal by the Office of Management and Budget with the cutting of budget in Washington (Paul, S. Boyer ‘Interstate Commerce Act’ The Oxford Companion to United States History). Cash payments The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) was amended by the U.  S Congress and declared illegal every contract, combination (in form of trust or otherwise) or conspiracy in restraint of interstate and foreign trade and imposed a fine. It gave power to federal government to institute proceeding against trusts. The Supreme Court ruling prevented federal authorities to use the act for some years. President Theodore politically championed against this and Taft employed it in 1911 against Standard Oil Trust and the American Tobacco. Other acts were formed latter to supplement it or replace it (The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition). Employment and Regulation The Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883) gave chance to the system of permanent federal employment based on merit as opposed to the earlier which was based on political party affiliation. A competitive examination by a civil service commission would be used to select government employees. Before then only 10 % were covered by the law but latter on the scope was moved to include more than 90 % of federal employees (Britanicca Concise Encyclopedia). The government has since been involved in the improvement not only of workers employment terms but also their pay.

How To Basic

Put the pan on stand 2. Put the oil on the pan after that put the pepper 3. Wait,what will happen next. Reaction: -The pepper was added on the oil then a fire suddenly appeared on the bowl the potassium permanganate is an oxidant that added on brick fluid is a kind of fuel. Fuel and oxidant need to release energy in form of heat. Fire is The result of their combustion Experiment: 2 Monster Head ExperimentDry ice Martial and Pestle Rubber Balloon Funnel Bottle with Water Teaspoon 1 . Put The Dry ice on Mortal and pestle then bowdlerized it. 2. Get the balloon and put the funnel on a balloon 3. Put the two teaspoon of dry ice on the balloon,After that get the bottle with water and put the Balloon on the bottles 4. Put the opening of the balloon into the bottle mouth until the dry ice is consumed. Reaction: -The dry ice was put inside the balloon using funnel and the balloon was placed on the bottle filled with water.They let the ice went down and dissolved. A smoke released and the ba lloon became inflated. The Dry ice is a Frozen Carbon dioxide that's hay it is solid became gas and it is called sublimation. This gas is a carbon dioxide that helps the balloon to be inflate. Experiment : 3 Salt Smoke Bomb Wick Aluminum tray Salt peter Lighter Tong Procedure: 1 . Put the aluminum tray on the stand 2. Put one teaspoon of sugar and one teaspoon of salt peter and then mixed it. 3. Put the wick in the middle of aluminum tray. 4. Light up the wick.The salt peter and sugar with the ratio one is to one as put on an aluminum tray. The wick was put in the middle of it. They put a fire using lighter the smoke release the salt peter and sugar is a reason why oxidation occurred. Salt peter or potassium nitrate is a kind of oxide or chemical that attacks electrons. Sugar is a kind of reducer or chemical that gives electrons when the sugar and salt pepper lightened,the oxygen increased that's Hay the kind of mixtures change. The other molecules released with oxygen and this is t he smoke.Date:November 3, 2013 Experiment: 1 Levitate or Floating CD Materials CD Magnet CD Rack -Theses in The rack are not together because of the magnet placed under the CD. Every magnet has a north and south pole,There are two possibilities its either opposite attracts or same repels. Len our experiment The CD with magnet repels but not attached to each other so there can't attach whenever we push each other, Fountain Of Beads Beads Glass -The Beads put in a glass,then you will remove it inside the glass without using your bare hands.The Science behind the experiment is the centers around the principle of inertia. Lintier is the tendency of all object and matter in the universe to remain still,or if moving continue moving in the same direction. Experiment: 3 In-Attention Experiment -In This Experiment They will test your attentiveness. They have an activity that you need to focus your mind,There is a group of dancer that will dance and one of the member is the one that will focu s on. Reaction Paper In Science Ill Melody Jacobson Ill-David Hilbert (19)

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 951 Words

Introduction The extent to which ones opinions and views can be altered without them even noticing is impeccable. F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author of ‘The Great Gatsby’, explores the ways in which one can influence a person’s thoughts in such a minute way that they themselves don’t even realise it. He, as a writer, is â€Å"communicative in a reserved way†. This leaves the readers perspective altered to believe what the author wants. Different minds will acknowledge and recognise different aspects of any text thus leaving every reader with a changed outlook on the discussed topic yet feeling as though they created this thought themselves. The following speech gives an insight to my perspective and what changed it. Point Explain Evidence Evaluate Link Nick Carraway the narrator of ‘The Great Gatsby’ is a biased (2) , dishonest (3) , easily influenced (4) , pretentious, contradicting, narrative device. I must say, this is an interesting way to create a character. Flashbacks, motifs- Dishonesty - Nick Carraway Nick Carraways morals derive from his father, Shown in the brief flashback in the first paragraph on page one. Nick has supposedly been â€Å"turning over† a piece of advice given to him by his father in his â€Å"younger and more vulnerable years†. The advice being to â€Å"reserve all judgements† Although this concept is next to never upheld in the novel, it FORCES the readers to form an opinion on Nick straight away and as this is the first and only information received by the readers,Show MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. 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