Black Reconstruction Essays - Reconstruction Era, United States

Black Reconstruction The true significance of slavery in the United States to the whole social development of America, lay in the ultimate relation of slaves to democracy. What were to be the limits of democratic control in the United State? If all labor, black as well as white, became free, were given schools and the right to vote, what control could or should be set to the power and action of these laborers? Was the rule of the mass of Americans to be unlimited, and the right to rule extended to all men, regardless of race and color, or if not, what power of dictatorship would rule, and how would property and privilege be protected? (184) This was the dilemma facing the Northern bourgeoisie in the face of the audacious lawlessness of the South. Northern industrialists had their own reasons for pursuing civil war with the South. They looked upon free Negro labor as a source of profit, and considered freedom, that is, a legal doing away with individual physical control all, that the Negroes or their friends could ask. They did not want for Negro labor any special protection or political power or capital, any more than they wanted this for Irish, German, or Scandinavian labor in the North . When, however, the South went beyond reason and truculently demanded not simply its old political power but increased political power based on disfranchised Negroes, which it openly threatened to use for the revision of the tariff, for the repudiation of the national debt, for disestablishing the national banks, and for putting the new corporate form of industry under strict state regulation and rule, Northern industry was frightened and began to move towards the stand which abolition-democracy had already taken; namely, temporary dictatorship, endowed Negro education, legal civil rights, and eventually even votes for Negroes to offset the Southern threat of economic attack. In the Republican Party, both Radical Republicans as well as pragmatic industrialists struggled for control of the party. Eric Foner describes the Radical Republicans as " a self-conscious political generation with a common set of experiences and commitments, a grass-roots constituency, a moral sensibility, and a program for Reconstruction. Radicals had long insisted that slavery and the rights of Blacks must take precedence over other political questions. " 8 These radicals, or in Du Bois ' s words the " abolition-democracy, " took the reins of the Reconstruction process and dashed to the left. Stevens and Sumner led the charge. The pursuit of a Radical Reconstruction reflected these priorities. Congress quickly took three actions to protect the rights of Southern Blacks. Drafting the Fourteenth Amendment as a way to guarantee the r ights of freedmen as citizens. This was necessary because the 1857 Dred Scott decision ruled that Blacks were " property not people. " Moreover, without the rights of citizenship there would be no way for Blacks to protect themselves from the excesses of racist state governments. Congress moved to extend the life of the Freedmen ' s Bureau. The Freedmen ' s Bureau was an agency in the South meant to advocate for newly freed slaves in the transition from slavery to freedom. The Bureau was charged with establishing schools, dividing the confiscated land of Confederate planters, supervising contracts between Black freedmen and their landlords, and mediating other disputes. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Under its provisions ex-slaves became citizens who enjoyed " the full and equal benefits of all laws. " The bill gave federal courts the power to intervene when state and local governments denied full protection of the law. Andrew Johnson, of course, vetoed all of this legislation. But his actions only angered moderate Republicans and pushed them toward the Radicals, giving the Radicals the two-thirds majority needed to overturn a presidential veto. Johnson became more vitriolic in his race hatred and openly campaigned with Democrats to undo all civil rights legislation. This only led to his intense political isolation, resulting in a landslide electoral victory for Republicans in the fall of 1866 helping to usher in Radical Reconstruction. The radicals tied Black suffrage to Reconstruction. Before Congress, Sumner persuasively argued, Without their votes we cannot establish stable governments in

Global Warming Is Not Caused by Humans Essay Example

Global Warming Is Not Caused by Humans Essay Example Global Warming Is Not Caused by Humans Paper Global Warming Is Not Caused by Humans Paper There are many scientists who say that humans are the cause of global warming. With all the talk about green house gases going up and the amount of emissions that humans are putting into the atmosphere, not very many people talk about the other side of the story. By proving that humans are not the Cause of Global warming people will better understand what really is causing global warming. There are three very important points that one needs to look at when discussing the issue of global warming. One is ICC concentrations are not very high at all. The second is that solar cycles cause eating on not only earth but other planets. The last would be that global warming Of the earth is a natural cycle that the earth goes through and has been going through for many years. It is very easy to get caught up in the global warming talk. One of the biggest issues is that of carbon dioxide. People claim that carbon dioxide is the main cause of global warming but carbon dioxide concentrations are not all that high. People have studied that historically there has been much more carbon dioxide in our atmosphere than there is today for example: During the Jurassic Period, 200 million years ago, average ICC concentrations were bout 1 800 pump or about 4. 7 times higher than today. The highest concentrations of ICC during all of the Paleozoic Era occurred during the Cambrian Period, nearly 7000 pump about 18 times higher than today (Global Warming Introduction). The Carboniferous Period and the Ordination Period were the only geological periods during the Paleozoic Era when global temperatures were as low as they are today (Global Warming, Introduction). : To the concern of global warming proponents, the Late Ordination Period was also an Ice Age while at the same time ICC concentrations then were nearly 12 times higher than today 4400 pump. According to greenhouse theory, Earth should have been exceedingly hot. Instead, global temperatures were no warmer than today. With these facts there has to be other factors besides atmospheric carbon influencing earths temperatures and global warming. Plus Carbon dioxide is such a small component of Earths atmosphere that it is only about 0. 04% of all gases in the atmosphere. In the last 600 million years of Earths history only the Carboniferous Period and our present age, the Quaternary Period, have witnessed ICC levels less than 400 pump (Global Warming- Introduction). Scientists fight back saying that the increase in fossil fuels burning are causing the increase in temperature. Humans use of fossil fuels is just a small portion of the carbon dioxide that makes up our atmosphere. Carbon Dioxide from all coal burning worldwide comprises only 0. 013% Of the greenhouse gases in Earths atmosphere (Global Warming- Introduction). This is a very small portion of the Carbon Dioxide that humans contribute to the atmosphere, but what is the percentage of Carbon dioxide contributed by humans to the atmosphere? According to Greatcoat. Com carbon dioxide by human activity is just a minuscule . 17% of the entire atmosphere. There are far too many facts stating that carbon dioxide makes up just a little portion of the atmosphere. With humans only contributing only . 117% carbon dioxide in the entire atmosphere, humans cannot possibly be the cause of global warming. Solar Cycles show proof that humans are not the cause of global warming. Scientists have been observing warming on other planets not just earth. Planetary warming was observed on Mars, Jupiter, Pluto, and Neptune largest moon Triton during decades following the peak of the Solar Grand Maximum (Solar Climate). These same observations are being made on Earth. Having this information how can scientists say that humans are causing global warming when other planets are experiencing the same warming, and humans are not there? According to Nick Frozen on launderers. Mom Pluto is moving further from the sun in its orbit, thus it should be cooling, but instead it is warming. This is one sign that shows that the climate change on Earth is caused by solar cycles. According to Frozen the sun is now changing from its solar Grand Maximum to its solar Grand Minimum. The Earth Heats up after every Grand Maximum lagging a bit after he peak (SolarClimate). Latest science reveals sharp increases in global warming precede sharp increases in carbon dioxide, not the other way around. Global warming causes more carbon dioxide to be released from the oceans (SolarClimate). Current research shows Earths oceans are now beginning to cool Frozen says it is also now clear that temperatures over the last century correlate far better with cycles in oceans than they do with carbon dioxide; and the temperature cycles in the oceans are caused by cycles of the sun In 2005 data from Annas Mars Global Surveyor and Odyssey Missions valued Global Surveyor and Odyssey missions revealed that the carbon dioxide ice Caps near Mars South pole had been diminishing for three summers in a row (National Geographic). Habitual Bodhisattva head of space research at SST. Petersburg Pullout Astronomical Observatory in Russia, says the Mars data is evidence that the current global warming on Earth is being caused by changes in the sun. The long-term increase in solar radiance is heating both Earth and Mars, he said (National Geographic). Bodhisattva believes that changes in the suns heat output can account for almost all the climate changes scientists have seen on both planets. Mars and Earth for instance, have experienced periodic ice ages throughout their histories (National Geographic). Abductors says that man-made greenhouse warming has made a small contribution to the warming seen on Early in recent years, but it cannot compete with the increase in solar radiance (National Geographic). Abductors research proves that humans are not the cause of global warming. Science Daily shows A study in the July 2002 issue of Journal of Geophysical Research-Space Physics, published by the American Geophysical Union, proposes for the first time that interstellar cosmic rays could be the missing link between the discordant temperatures observed during the last two decades (since recorded satellite records began in 1979). The report, by Fanning You of the State University of New York-Albany, proposes that the rays, tiny charged particles that bombard all planets with varying frequency depending on solar wind intensity, may have height-dependent effects on our planets cloudiness (Science Daily). A systematic change in global cloud cover will change the atmospheric heating profile, You said. In other words, the cosmic ray-induced global cloud hanged could be the long-sought mechanism connecting solar and climate variability (Science Daily). With this discovery scientists are closer to proving that humans are not the cause of global warming. Global warming is a cycle the earth has been going through for many years. There are natural cycles, over which we have no control, that dictate how warm the planet is (Absences). According to research conducted by professor Don Easternmost from Western Washington University last November, the oceans and global temperatures are correlated. The Oceans have a cycle in which they warm ND cool cyclically (Absences). One of the cycles scientists have named the Pacific Decal Oscillation (POD). In April 2008, scientists at Annas Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced that while the La Ina was weakening, the Pacific Decal Oscillation-?a larger-scale, slower-cycling ocean pattern-?had shifted to its cool phase (NASA: POD). The picture to the right shows both the La Nina anomaly and the POD anomaly on a thermal map. For much of the asses and 1 sass it was a positive cycle which means warmer than average. Observations have revealed that global temperatures were warm too Absences). Scientists say that the oceans control a big part of the temperature and climate of every place in the world.